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40,355 articles z ScienceDaily
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- ScienceDaily
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- Daily headlines about discoveries in the physical and life sciences, health and medicine, the environment, and technology, from the world's leading universities and research centers.
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- July 30, 2010 (04:22)
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- September 3, 2007 (19:52)
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- alexa, technorati, rojo
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MONDAY 3. SEPTEMBER, 2007
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14:00
Surprising New Role For Proteins In Sister Chromatid Cohesion
Scientists reveal a surprising new role for tDNAs and RNA polymerase III-associated proteins in sister chromatid cohesion. Sister chromatid cohesion (the binding together of the two identical copies of each chromosome that are formed during replication) helps to ensure that chromosomes are accurately segregated during the anaphase of the cell cycle. Sister chromatid cohesion is mediated by a multi-subunit protein complex called cohesin. Inside the cell nucleus, cohesin localizes to centromeres (the point of attachment of sister chromatids) as well as heterochromatin (condensed and genetically inactive regions of DNA). -
14:00Calcium supplementation alone, or in combination with vitamin D supplementation, reduces the risk of fractures in people aged over 50 by 12 percent, conclude authors of a recent article. They found that where the compliance rate was high (i.e. patients were sticking to the dosing regimen correctly), there was a 24% fracture risk reduction.
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14:00A new study shows that an important drug used in the treatment of malignant melanoma has little effect on the melanoma cells themselves. Instead, it activates immune-system cells to fight the disease. The drug, called interferon alpha, is used to clean up microscopic tumor cells that may remain in the body following surgery for the disease. It is the only drug approved for this purpose.
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14:00A common molecular pathway could help physicians predict which lung cancer patients will benefit from chemotherapy drugs, according to new research. Known as the retinoblastoma (RB) tumor suppressor, this fundamental molecule regulates cell proliferation in the body. Research has shown that the RB pathway is either entirely inactive or altered in most human cancers. Scientists are beginning to use its actions as a "biomarker" for how tumors will respond to different therapies. Now researchers have found that "turning off" the RB pathway in lung cancer cells resulted in an altered response to chemotherapy agents and more cancer cell death.
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14:00Cell phone use after bedtime is surprisingly prevalent among adolescents, and its use is related to increased levels of tiredness after one year. According to the results, only 38 percent of the subjects never used their cell phones after bedtime. Using the cell phone after bedtime about once a week increased the odds of being "very tired" by 3.3, and those who used it more than once a week were 5.1 times more likely to be very tired.
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17:00As technology gets smaller and smaller, the computer industry is facing the complex challenge of finding ways to manufacture the minuscule components necessary. Now scientists have demonstrated a technique for producing conductive nano-wires on silicon chips. While the new process could provide the solution for computer manufacturers looking for ways of increasing the speed and storage capacity of electronics, it could also mean cheaper electronics as well.
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17:00Psychologists have been assessing how well various study strategies produce long-term learning, and it appears that some strategies really do work much better than others. Surprisingly "massing" all the study on a single topic into a single session reduces long-term retention. It's better to leave it alone for a while and then return to it.
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17:00A switch from predominantly undersea volcanoes to a mix of undersea and terrestrial ones shifted the Earth's atmosphere from devoid of oxygen to one with free oxygen, according to geologists. Before 2.5 billion years ago, the Earth's atmosphere lacked oxygen. However, biomarkers in rocks 200 million years older than that period, show oxygen-producing cyanobacteria released oxygen at the same levels as today. The oxygen produced then, had to be going somewhere.
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17:00A team of scientists has developed a novel methodological approach in evolutionary studies. Using the method they named 'genomic phylostratigraphy', its authors shed new and unexpected light on some of the long standing macroevolutionary issues, which have been puzzling evolutionary biologists since Darwin.
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17:00Scientists have discovered that pancreatic cancer attracts regulatory T cells, which suppress the activity of immune cells. In this way, the tumor might escape its destruction by the immune system. The ability to discriminate between friend and foe or between "self" and "foreign" is vital for a functioning immune system. There are numerous protective mechanisms at work to save the body's own tissue from attacks by misguided immune cells. A pivotal role is played by regulatory T cells (Treg cells), which prevent immune reactions against the body's own structures by suppressing the aggressiveness of particular immune cells called T helper cells.
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17:00The diverse and complex female endocrine disorder polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which affects 1 in 15 women worldwide, is a major economic health burden that is likely to expand together with obesity, conclude authors of a recent article. Many body systems are affected in PCOS, resulting in several health complications, including menstrual dysfunction, infertility, hirsutism (excessive body hair growth), acne, obesity, and metabolic syndrome.
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20:00Greece has experienced more wildfire activity this August than other European countries have over the last decade, according to data from ESA satellites. The country is currently battling an outbreak of blazes, which began last Thursday, that have spread across the country killing more than 60 people.
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20:00Football fever is upon the nation once again. The soaring of the pigskin signals the start of the "busy" season for cheerleaders, marching bands, and inevitably, sports medicine physicians. Prevention is the primary goal of everyone involved in the sport, but when large, highly charged males engage in bodily contact, injuries are inevitable. Knee and ankle sprains are the most common injuries treated during football season, followed by concussion and shoulder sprains, according to physicians.
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20:00A British physician believes the medical system in Britain should be offering less telephone advice and more opportunities for prompt assessment by an experienced clinician when a child has a fever. He says that the most solid evidence of recognizing clinical severity in febrile children in primary care is a full assessment by an experienced clinician. This involves eliciting a clear history and careful observation of signs, including alertness, activity, color, and respiratory effort. He comments that a system that relies heavily on vital signs and may result in the inappropriate referral of large numbers of children, while children who develop a serious illness are sent away.
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20:00A new article suggests that infants fine-tune their visual and auditory systems to stimuli during the first year of life, essentially "weeding out" unnecessary discriminatory abilities. In one study, for example, 6-month-old infants were able to differentiate two human a faces as easily as two monkey faces whereas 9-month-olds could only differentiate between two human faces. Importantly, if infants are familiarized with monkey faces from 6 to 9 months, they maintain the ability to tell the difference between two monkey faces.
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20:00It has been in the news for years about how secondhand smoke is a health threat to nonsmokers. Secondhand smoke is attributed with killing thousands of adult nonsmokers annually. If smoking is that harmful to human beings, it would make sense that secondhand smoke would have an adverse effect on pets that live in the homes of smokers. Researchers note that, "one reason cats are so susceptible to secondhand smoke is because of their grooming habits."
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20:00Natural selection favors reproduction rather than survival. Males of ungulate species subjected to intense male-male competition in order to mate have shorter lives than females. Males are born already with smaller molars relative to their body size, which means the teeth won't last as long. These findings provide insight into how natural and sexual selection design our bodies.
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TUESDAY 4. SEPTEMBER, 2007
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06:00A new intensive care study has provided vital information for the treatment of patients with brain injuries. The results confirm that the choice of resuscitation fluids affects the chances of patients with brain injury surviving.
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06:00The largest-ever study of treatments for type 2 diabetes has shown that a combination of two blood pressure lowering drugs reduced the risk of death, as well as the risks of heart and kidney disease. The scientists reported that the treatment reduced the likelihood of dying from the complications of diabetes by almost one-fifth.
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06:00Despite global efforts to control it, diarrhea is still one of the most common reasons for the high child mortality rates in many low and middle-income countries. One fifth of all the deaths amongst children under the age of 5 that are reported every year are caused by serious diarrhea.
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06:00Nutrients taken from avocados are able to thwart oral cancer cells, killing some and preventing pre-cancerous cells from developing into actual cancers, according to researchers. They found that extracts from Hass avocados kill or stop the growth of pre-cancerous cells that lead to oral cancer. Hass avocados are year-round fruits known for their distinctive bumpy skin that turns from green to purplish-black as they ripen.
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06:00For the first time, scientists have discovered a unique population of adult stem cells derived from human muscle that could be used to treat muscle injuries and diseases such as heart attack and muscular dystrophy.
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06:00A team of researchers propose the marriage of DNA self-assembly with standard microfabrication and lithography tools to form features such as nanochannels, nanowires and nanoscale trenches. This discovery may open up new avenues for nanofabrication at dimensions not accessible by conventional optical lithography.
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06:00Despite recommendations for annual preventive exams for adolescents, only 10 percent of teens have enough visits within 12 months to receive the recommended three shots needed for HPV vaccine. Ideally the three shots are delivered within six months, and only 1 percent of teens see their physicians that often.
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06:00A quest to gain a more complete picture of color vision evolution has led scientists to an up-close, genetic encounter with one of the world's most rare and bizarre-looking primates. They have performed the first sweeping, genetic evolutionary study of color vision in the aye-aye (pronounced "eye-eye"), a bushy-tailed, Madagascar native primate with a unique combination of physical features including extremely large eyes and ears, and elongated fingers for reaching hard to access insects and other foods.
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06:00In July 2006, ESO's Very Large Telescope took images of a stellar firework in the spiral galaxy NGC 1288. The supernova -- designated SN 2006dr -- was at its peak brightness, shining as bright as the entire galaxy itself, bearing witness to the amount of energy released.
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06:00Archaeologists revealed that the first apiary (beehive colony) dating from the Biblical period has been found in excavations in Israel's Beth Shean Valley. This is the earliest apiary to be revealed to date in an archaeological excavation anywhere in the ancient Near East, according to the researcher.
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06:00Researchers have developed a long-acting growth hormone for use in human therapy. The new discovery could mean that children and adults with growth hormone disorders will not have to have injections as often, reducing the need for daily treatments.
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06:00Engineers have pioneered an easy and inexpensive method for creating hybrid structures by coating CNTs with aerosol nanoparticles. The lab also has produced a low-cost way to make "custom" nanoparticles that gives them full control over the structure's final properties.
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06:00Researchers have found that a single gene might control whether or not individuals tend to pile on fat, a discovery that may point to new ways to fight obesity and diabetes. It was discovered that the gene, which is also present in humans, is likely to be a high-level master switch that tells the body whether to accumulate or burn fat.
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06:00A new study points to a new method for burning off all those irresistible extra calories -- by turning on an energy-draining, but otherwise futile, cycle of protein synthesis and breakdown. The researchers found that the animals that ate the most food also expended the most energy. "That would be ideal for people who are overweight," the scientists said. "They could continue to eat and just waste the energy and be thin."
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06:00Researchers have revealed an anti-obesity gene that has apparently been keeping critters lean during times of plenty since ancient times. The gene, first discovered by another team in flies, also keeps worms and mice trim, according to the new report. If the gene works similarly in humans, the findings could lead to a new weapon against our burgeoning waistlines, according to the researchers.
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06:00A father-son research team working from separate laboratory benches across the country has discovered a new use for lasers -- zapping viruses out of blood. The technique, which holds promise for disinfecting blood for transfusions, uses a low-power laser beam with a pulse lasting just fractions of a second.
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06:00Using new software developed to investigate how the brains of dyslexic children are organized, researchers have found that key areas for language and working memory involved in reading are connected differently in dyslexics than in children who are good readers and spellers. However, a three-week instructional program can normalize those connections.
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06:00A new study finds a number of similarities between Canadian drug coverage and that of the United States, despite their publicized differences. Looking at Quebec's Prescription Drug Insurance Program and the United States' Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement and Modernization Act (MMA), the study suggests that the older Canadian plan may provide valuable insights for American decision-makers.
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06:00Results of a new study indicate a strong link between the loss of the neuronal receptor LR11and onset of mild cognitive impairment, often a harbinger of Alzheimer's disease. The findings also show that levels of LR11 in the brain tissue reflect the severity of cognitive impairment and may predict which individuals will progress to Alzheimer's disease.
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06:00A case is being made for a new eating disorder, dubbed "purging disorder." The disorder is similar to bulimia nervosa in that both syndromes involve eating, then trying to compensate for the calories. What sets the disorders apart is the amount of food consumed and the way people compensate for what they eat.
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06:00Ultraconserved elements are DNA sequences, hundreds of base pairs long, that are 100-percent identical in mice, rats and humans. Their perfect conservation for over 80 million years was thought due to evolutionary pressure, such that if even one nucleotide changes, the organism would die. But in a new study knockout mice with deleted ultraconserved elements showed virtually no ill effects.
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06:00A dime-sized tropical crab that has invaded coastal waters in the Southeast United States is having both positive and negative effects on oyster reefs, leaving researchers unable to predict what the creature's long-term impact will be. The impact of the crabs is important because oysters are a "foundation species" essential to the health of coastal ecosystems because their reefs provide homes to dozens of other creatures.
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06:00Until now, only the intricate machinery inside cells could take a mix of enzyme ingredients, blend them together and deliver a natural product with an elaborate chemical structure such as penicillin. Researchers have for the first time demonstrated the ability to mimic this process outside of a cell.
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06:00A combination of two drugs shows promise in treating a rare and therapy-resistant type of melanoma that originates in the eye and spreads to other organs, according to a new study. The drugs -- decitabine, which can turn on certain genes in cancer cells, and interferon gamma, an immune system protein -- may work together to cause cancer cell death.
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06:00Researchers have developed technology to detect tumor cells within the human body. By shining a laser on surface veins, such as those on the wrist and inside the cheek, researchers are able to reveal and count circulating tumor cells. The new detection method is able to evaluate a much larger volume of blood than what can be drawn from a patient for analysis, said one of the scientists.
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06:00A simple new imaging technique has revealed fat buildup in the hearts of pre-diabetic people long before symptoms of heart disease or diabetes appear. The technique detects fat accumulation in cells of the beating heart in a way no other clinical method can, the researchers said, and may provide a way to screen patients for early signs of heart disease in diabetes.
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06:00Is it your doctor's skill in surgery or communication that get them into trouble? According to a new study, physicians who score poorly on patient-physician communication skills exams are far more likely to generate patient complaints to regulatory authorities.
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06:00Internal medicine residents had low scores in a test of biostatistics knowledge, and about three-fourths of the residents surveyed indicated they have low confidence in understanding the statistics they encounter in medical literature, according to a new article.
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06:00The results of a clinical trial indicates that, when used as part of routine therapy, high-dose ibuprofen is safe and effective in slowing down lung disease in children with cystic fibrosis (CF).
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06:00Immunology researchers have shown how a type of bat rabies infection can be prevented in mice -- even after the virus reaches the brain, when it is most lethal. They found that by opening the central nervous system's (CNS) protective blood-brain barrier, powerful infection fighting substances can swarm in, essentially driving off the invading virus. A better understanding of the process, they say, may lead to improved treatment for late-stage rabies infections in humans.
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06:00Inquiring minds want to know. The supermarket headlines tell us so. Inquiring Texas research minds want to know more about cotton fleahoppers B -- a tiny, sometimes obscure pest that can damage plants during their early growth. But these tiny pests aren't all bad. After cotton reaches peak bloom, this tiny critter is considered a beneficial insect – living out its relatively short life as both a predator and prey species.
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08:00Edwin Hubble once called IC 10 "one of the most curious objects in the sky," and new observations of the extremely faint, lightweight dwarf galaxy are giving scientists new clues about how populations of stars are born. Though the properties of stars is one of the most well-studied topics in astronomy, scientists still don't fully understand all the mechanisms involved in star formation and evolution, particularly in galaxies with low levels of oxygen, nitrogen and other heavy elements. But scientists studying the IC 10 galaxy may soon understand how stars might have looked like in the distant past, when the universe was in a younger, more pristine form.
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08:00Higher levels and more advanced stages of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) occur worldwide than previously thought. This burden will increase as the world's population continues to age, conclude authors of an article in The Lancet. The authors add that the growing COPD burden is partly due to the aging population (with risk nearly doubling for every 10 years over the age of 40), and partly due to continuing use of tobacco, which is the most important risk factor. The variation in COPD prevalence between men and women is due mostly to differences in smoking habits.
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